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Victorian era was a period of infancy of science and technology. But unlike the mainland Europe, astronomy in Victorian Britain was not funded by the government. Instead, it was the domain of wealthy amateurs. These amateurs were responsible for founding of learned societies, commissioning telescopes and building observatories. Not much is recorded about these amateur societies, though it is accepted that new telescope technologies and further observations provided for one of the major theories in astronomy, The Nebular Hypothesis.
This was the name coined by William Whewell in his Bridgewater Treatise. Whewell was inspired by the theory of the Origins of the Solar System by Pierre-Simon Laplace in his System of the World (1796) and the observations of William Herschel that nebulae might be new nascent solar systems. The hypothesis was that the apparent swirling patterns observed in the heavens were composed of gas or dust condensing into a star. Debris at the outer edges of the nebula would become planets.
The nebular hypothesis was made widely famous in two popular works, the first inspiring the latter. Both use the 'nebular hypothesis' as the backdrop for a theory of cosmic evolution. The first was Views of the Architecture of the Heavens (1837), published by John Pringle Nichol(1804-59), a professor of astronomy at Glasgow.
This was followed seven years later, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844) published anonymously by Robert Chambers (1802-71). He used the nebular hypothesis as the backdrop for his theory of cosmic development or evolution. For Chambers, all of nature is the unfolding of deep natural laws that prescribe the evolution of the heavens, the creation of the earth and the evolution of life.
All this progresses from swirling clouds of dust that first form solar systems and then finally organic life. This theory made the idea of God created the Earth in Seven Days redundant. As a result, Chambers' theories were attacked by the Church.
George Biddell Airy (1801-92) was an Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich from 1835 to 1881. He transformed it, installing advanced astronomical equipment and expanding staff. He propagated the idea of clocking in (and out) of observers and astronomers, just as in factory. Further reforms by Airy helped to increase efficiency and reduce human error in observations.
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